Essay on Endosymbiosis - 1045 Words

Endosymbiosis Endosymbiosis is the theory that eukaryotic cells were formed when a prokaryotic cell ingested some aerobic bacteria. The first step of the evolution of a eukaryotic cell is the infolding of the cellular membrane. This process takes place when the plasma membrane folds inwards and develops an envelope around a smaller prokaryotic cell. Once the smaller cell is engulfed, it becomes dependent upon its host cell. It relies on the host cell for organic molecules and inorganic compounds. However, the host cell also benefits because it has an increased output of ATP for cellular activities and becomes more productive. This ATP comes from the mitochondrion (the aerobe) that is engulfed. All eukaryotic cells contain the†¦show more content†¦The protein-synthesizing machinery in mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble prokaryotes. This is shown through their ribosomal RNA and the structure of the ribosomes. The ribosomes are similar in size and structure to bacterial ribosomes. fMat is always the first amino acid that is in the mitochondria and chloroplasts transcripts. The antibiotics that act by blocking protein synthesis in bacteria also block protein synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. These antibiotics do not interfere with protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotes. The inhibitors that effect the protein synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes do not change the protein synthesis of the bacteria, mitochondria, or chloroplasts. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is supported by that the enzymes and proteins are most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+ ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of the eukaryotic cell. (2) Currently, there are two major competing theories for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. The first theory claims that the eukaryotic cell is a combination of an archaeon with aShow MoreRelatedEndosymbiosis and evolution of Organelles Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pages Endosymbiosis is important as it enables us to understand the evolution of eukaryotes from the common ancestor. This essay will focus on: the early evolution of our eukaryote ancestor during Precambrian period, plastids origin along the algae family due to second endosymbiosis; discuss the evidence that supports the theory, including further examples of endosymbiosis. The theory, as discussed by Lynn Margulis, states that mitochondria originated from ÃŽ ±-proteobacteria bacterium which wasRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of The Theory Of Endosymbiosis And It s Supporting Evidence1641 Words   |  7 PagesA critical analysis of the Theory of Endosymbiosis and it’s supporting evidence Abstract Introduction The endosymbiotic theory is an evolutionary theory explaining the origin of Eukaryotic cells from Prokaryotic, and is at present; the most widely accepted evolutionary theory of the Eukaryotic cell. The theory explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts and their double membranes, suggesting that chloroplasts and mitochondria represent formerly free-living bacteria that were taken intoRead MoreThe Theory Of The Serial Endosymbiotic Theory1590 Words   |  7 Pagesmitochondria and plastids within a eukaryotic cell were once independent prokaryotic cells (a single celled organism, which contains a nucleus and other organelles that are absent of a membrane ), having been obtained by another organism through endosymbiosis, to become endosymbiot around 1.5 billion years ago. Where the eukaryotes several key organelles originated through a process called symbiosis, with this occurring between separate single celled organisms (prokaryotic cells). Through researchRead MoreCompar ing The 18th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus Instituted A Taxonomic System1427 Words   |  6 PagesBetween 1.5 to 2 billion years ago the invasion between two prokaryotic cells created mitochondria and chloroplasts that are eukaryotic cell organelles. This is the process of endosymbiosis as shown in the image below; endosymbiosis is the condition in which different organisms live one inside the other. The impact endosymbiosis has made by producing eukaryotes is rather great. This can be said because eukaryotic cells can achieve functions that the prokaryote cannot. Such as the fact eukaryotes canRead MoreWomen In Science. A Couple Of Centuries Ago, The Role Of1026 Words   |  5 Pagesdid not come easily. Like other scientists, she had to stand up for her ideas and accept repeated rejections. When Margulis wrote about her theory of endosymbiosis, it took her multiple attempts and submissions to journals before it was published in 1967 under the Journal of Theoretical Biology as a fifty-page article. Margulis’s theory of endosymbiosis created the idea that eukaryotic cells evolved by the use and acquisition of smaller cells. The theory was criticized since it overturned the modernRead MoreThe Between Prokaryotic And Evolution Of Cells And Organisms With Novel Capabilities Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagesaccepted view that models the evolution of these organisms. Symbiosis mo dels rely on intimate relationships over prolonged periods of time, this association allowed the symbionts to co-exist and hence become mutually dependent on each other (4). The endosymbiosis theory, is arguably the first detailed symbiosis proposal for the origin of eukaryotes, and was presented by Margulis in the 1960s (4). Eukaryotic cells are thought to be the remnants of ancient bacterial intruders which are now surviving as derivedRead MoreAp bio guided reading chapter 2 and 261372 Words   |  6 Pagesto decay Magnetic reversal: A reversal of the polarity of Earth’s magnetic field. Geologic Record: The division of earth’s history into time periods. Stromatolites: rocklike structure composed of layers of prokaryotes and sediment. Serial Endosymbiosis: A model of the origin of eukaryotes consisting of a sequence of endosoymbiotic events in which mitochondria and chloroplasts and perhaps other cellular structures were derived from small prokaryotes that had been engulfed by larger cells. Pangaea:Read MoreWhy Is Plant Cells?1750 Words   |  7 Pagescan directly be linked to their cyanobacteria are known as ‘primary plasmids’. (Wikipedia). In recent studies relating to the evolution of the chloroplasts, it has been found that Chlamydiae may be a third party in primary endosymbiosis, second instance of primary endosymbiosis represented by the chromatophores found in amoebae of the genus Paulinella, and a new explanation for the longevity of captured chloroplasts (kleptoplasts) in sacoglossan sea slugs. (PubMed, chloroplast evolution, structureRead MoreBiology: The Endosymbiotic Theory Essay example580 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity who in 1967 began to tell an older view. She suggested that certain prokaryotes had been overtaken by larger more active species. Instead of being digested inside the host cell some victims continued to thrive and grow. The theory of Endosymbiosis describes the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria and their double membran es. This concept explains the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria are the results of years of evolution started by endocytosis of bacteria and blue green algae. BasedRead MoreThe Evolution Of Cells : A Hypothesis For The Advancement Of Cell Association1511 Words   |  7 Pagesendeavours to outline the issue have normally been in the traditional Darwinian mode, and the centre to date has been nearly solely on demonstrating the advancement of the eukaryotic cell. The reason, obviously, is clear—the claim of the endosymbiosis idea. Since endosymbiosis has offered ascend to the chloroplast what s more, mitochondrion, what else would it be able to have done in the more remote past? Scholars have since a long time ago toyed with an end symbiotic (on the other hand cell combination)